COMMUNICATION
Content:
In this article, we are going to see a brief detail about how calls are connected from one phone to another and the types of equipment used to it, and why we can't receive signals in some places.
Base Transceiver Station:
A Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is a tool that sends and receives mobile radio signals. These are fixed in a particular place, it has some other important functions like Encoding, Multiplexing, Encrypting and
Modulating.
How the tower covers an area: The towers cover an area in the shape of a hexagon, if a tower covers an area in any other shapes there will some dead zones in some areas. Dead zones are the places where we can't receive any signal
Base Station Controller:
This equipment controls a group of BTS of a particular area and also it handover the signals from one BTS to other.
Mobile Switching Centre:
This is also called the Heart of the GSM network system. This manages the user (Caller ID) mobile registration and also contains the Name, Address, Location, etc.., of the Caller's ID.
HLR contains a database of subscriber's current location and information.
VLR contains the detail about visiting the location receiver's location.
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How Radio signals are sent and received:
While we call a particular number, a signal is sent from our phone to the nearby tower (BTS) from the same tower the same signal is sent to the Base Station Controller (BSC) through wire and cables. This BSC monitors all the towers of the particular area. From here the signal is sent to the nearby Mobile Switching Centre (MSC), MSC contains Called ID details, then the signal is sent to the bio's MSC it contains Receiver ID details like they are under which tower and if their phone is currently active or not. Then the signal is sent to the BSC and from BSC to the tower and from the tower, a calling request is sent to the receiver's mobile and this is how a call is connected.
No satellites are used in this process even if are connected to any foreign calls the signals travel through wires in the oceans.
Why we cant receive signals in some places:
Towers cannot be placed in some places due to the geographical conditions of the place so that we can't get signals. Another reason while we are traveling in a vehicle we switch from tower to tower usually we get connected to the nearest fastest tower. So it takes some time to switch from one tower this is also a reason signals are dropped sometimes. If we are in a dead zone we will be shown as out of coverage. If our surrounding place is more crowded the tower in that area cannot handle more calls of the area so we might lose signals sometimes.
In the early time of GSM, a single tower is placed that cover a large distance but today cell phone usage is increased it led to place more towers in a short area (depending upon the crowd in the area).
Conclusion:
These cellular networks may be completely changed in 5G technology. Since it is said that 5G contains more small towers in an area not like 4G which have very large towers. But till now 4G networks system works in the above method and everything is happening within a fraction of seconds.
"Communication is one of the major reasons for the development of today's world"
Authors: Jetson Samuel, Sankareshwaran
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